Here are some general definitions and descriptions of parental alienation.

The Five-Factor Model helps to distinguish parental alienation and parental estrangement.

Yes, mental health and legal authorities everywhere consider causing severe parental alienation to be a form of child psychological abuse.

The concept of parental alienation is in DSM-5, but not the actual words.

Severely alienated children do not give reliable explanations of their feelings and opinions.

Yes, the alienated child is mentally kidnapped and brainwashed.

There are 8 common behavioral symptoms of parental alienation.

There are 17 common alienating behaviors.

This research addresses how parental alienation affects targeted parents, and how they cope with this condition.

Abstracts of two articles: “Family Bridges: Using Insights from Social Science to Reconnect Parents and Alienated Children" and "Reclaiming Parent-Child Relationships: Outcomes of Family Bridges with Alienated Children."

This quantitative research indicates that a psychological test, the PARQ, reliably identifies children and adolescents with severe parental alienation.

Abstracts of two articles: “An Objective Measure of Splitting in Parental Alienation: The Parental Alienation-Rejection Questionnaire” and "Measuring the Difference between Parental Alienation and Parental Estrangement: The PARQ-Gap."

A new condition, “child affected by parental relationship distress” (CAPRD), was introduced in the DSM-5.A new condition, “child affected by parental relationship distress” (CAPRD), was introduced in the DSM-5.

This study aimed to systematically review the literature pertaining to parental alienation to determine best practice for therapists and legal practitioners.

Here is the abstract of the “PA Fallacies" article by Richard Warshak, with instructions on how to obtain the entire article.

An important, lengthy overview of parental alienation by Richard Warshak, which was published in the “Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers.”

Parental alienation has been discussed in several encyclopedias for mental health and legal professionals.

Abstract of “Family Reflections: A Promising Therapeutic Program Designed to Treat Severely Alienated Children and Their Family System”

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